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稻秆和豌豆苗头制成的堆肥与其肥料性状 |
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发表时间：2005-9-30 8:05:12 浏览人次： 我要投稿 |
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>堆肥Composter氮Nitrogen碳Carbon氮碳比C/N ratio孵育Incubation堆肥化Composting
【论文类别】 博士论文【中文摘要】将未经堆积处理畜产废弃物施用于蔬菜和果树，不但容易造成环境卫生问题，另外在其分解过程中产生有机酸和消耗大量氧气，而造成作物根部的受伤。将有机废弃物经过适当的堆肥化处理，制成高品质有机质肥料回馈农田，不仅可以提升农田地利，且减少废弃物对环境的冲击。本实验的设计为以尿素和豌豆苗头作为氮源来制作稻秆堆肥（S）及豌豆苗头堆肥（P），将稻秆堆肥及豌豆苗头堆肥的碳氮比分别用尿素及豌豆苗头调成 30、 20和 10并作三重复，进行63天堆肥化，堆肥化过程中温度、pH值、水分含量、灰分、总碳、总氮、可溶性氮等变化来探讨堆肥的堆肥化过程的性状。在堆肥化21（A）、42（B）、63（C）天将不同处理的三重复收集，并利用 Neubauer 堆肥生物有效性试验及盆栽试验来瞭解堆肥的肥效。研究结果显示，豌豆苗头堆肥有较易利用的碳原、氮源，堆肥化上速率均大于碳源较不易分解的稻秆堆肥，所以豌豆苗头堆肥可在短期间完成堆肥化的进行，稻秆堆肥则需较长的堆肥化时间。堆肥化的程度及速率可由温度变化、总氮的增加、有机物质的减少、碳氮比的降低等趋势的变化来得知。添加过多的尿素对堆肥来说无法完全提供给微生物利用，尿素转化为氨气挥发至大气，造成氮源的浪费。过高的氨浓度会使微生物氨中毒，并抑制微生物的繁殖，也延缓了堆肥化的时间，增加堆肥的成本。添加很多尿素的氮 S 10以及 P 10在堆积一开始氮的损失最为明显。由此推知，用不同材料制造堆肥时，添加尿素的量方法及时机须做进一步研究。施用堆肥在平镇系红壤中有较少的可溶性态氮，最高Neubauer生物有效性氮的吸收是在铵态氮浓度最高时，并非是在可溶性态氮最高。而在七块厝系土壤中， Neubauer生物有效性氮吸收与平镇系红壤不尽相同，最高的Neubauer生物有效性氮吸收不一定发生在铵态氮浓度最高时，并且发生抑制有效性氮吸收的现象。在盆栽试验中，平镇系红壤施用稻秆堆肥中 S 30 以 S 30B以及豌豆苗头堆肥中的 P 30B 及 P 10B的产量最高， S 20B 的产量低于化学肥料以及无施用肥料。七块厝系土壤产量较红壤低，而S 30、S 20 以及 P 30的产量也都小于无施肥的处理，表示施用这些堆肥在七块厝系土壤造成作物生长抑制。
【英文摘要】Using directly farm waste or animal manure without composting on vegetable
corp or on fruit trees would cause insanitary impact on environment. The farm waste can produce organic acids and deplete much oxygen that would hurt the plant root physiology. If farm waste could be composted adequately to become high quality organic fertilizer and then applied to the farm, it would not
only increase the corp yield, but also reduce the unfavorable to the environment. We have used straw and pea seedling residues as composting material by adding urea as nitrogen source, C/N ratio adjusted for both straw and pea series t have initial value of 30, 20 and 10. Three replicates of each plot, were composted for 21 (A), 42 (B) and 63 (C) days. The changes of temperature, pH, water content, ash content, total nitrogen concentration,
soluble nitrogen concentration, total carbon concentration during composting period have been determined for understanding the characteristics of composting process. The fertilizer characteristics were evaluated by using a modified Neubauer test and a pot culture with mustard plant.Results have shown that pea seedling residue as raw material composted more easily than rice straw. The reaction rate of pea residue was faster than rice straw, so that pea residue composting has appoached completion in rather shoter time, and much longer in rice straw plot. The changes of temperature, increase of total nitrogen content, decrease of organic carbon content and
decrease of C/N ratio are evidence for characteristing the composting process. Too much nitrogen addition to the composting materials has caused ammonia loss and toxicity. High ammonia partial pressure has harmed the growth, especially in S 10 and P 10 plot. The application of compost to the Pieng-Zhrng soil has resulted in less soluble nitrogen. The highest Neubauer bioavailable nitrogen coincide with the time when the concentration of NH4-N was highest but not at the time when concentration of soluble nitrogen. The highest Neubauer bioavailable nitrogen of Qi-Kuai-Cuo soil was different form Pieng-Zheng soil. Even at highest concentration of NH4-N in Qi-Kuai-Cuo soil the Neubauer bioavailable nitrogen was low. The highest yield of pot test in Pieng-Zhrng soil was obtained in plot: S 30B, P 30B and P 10B, and the yield of S 20B is even lower than those of chemical fertilizer plot and non-fertilizer plot . The yield of mustard plant from Qi-Kuai-Cuo soil was lower than from Pieng-Zheng soil, and yields obtained from S 30, S 20 and P 30 plot, were even lower than that of non-fertilizer plot. The results suggested that fertilization
with those unmaturated composts could harm the plant growth.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------【 目 录 】摘要…………………………………………………………………...……IAbstract……………………………………………………………...…… III目录………………………………………………………………………..V表次……………………………………………………………………… VI图次………………………………………………………………...…… VII附表目录……………………………………………………………… …IX前言……………………………………………………………………… ..1材料与方法………………………………………………………………...4结果与讨论一、堆肥基本性质（一） 温度……………………………………………………………… 18（二）pH 值………………………………………………………………23（三）水分………………………………………………………………..26（四）灰份………………………………..........…………………………27（五）总氮浓度…………………………………..………………………33（六）可溶性氮…………………………….………………………….…37（七） C/N 比………………………………………………………….…42二、孵育土壤性质……………………………….…………………….…48三、Neubauer 堆肥生物有效性……………….……………………….…56四、盆栽试验……………………………………………………….….….60结论……………………………………………………………………….62参考文献………………………………………………………………….64附表……………………………………………………………………….70
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